Signal Reference & Strategies

Comprehensive documentation for all trading signals and strategies

GIL Regime Detection

/regime page

The GIL (Growth-Inflation-Liquidity) framework classifies the macro environment into discrete regimes based on economic growth momentum, inflation trends, and liquidity conditions. Each regime has distinct asset class implications — what works in Goldilocks fails in Stagflation.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
GoldilocksgoldilocksRisk-on: equities, credit, growth stocks
Risk-Onrisk onEquities over bonds, cyclicals over defensives
Risk-Offrisk offReduce risk, raise cash, long vol
StagflationstagflationCommodities, TIPS, value stocks

Key Thresholds

  • Regime confidence > 70%: High conviction positioning
  • Transition detected: Begin rotating portfolios
  • Multiple conflicting signals: Reduce position sizes
Theory & Details
Data: regime_states table
API: /api/regime/current
Component Scores (0-100):
Growth Score: GDP, employment, PMI trends
Inflation Score: CPI, PCE, breakevens
Volatility Score: VIX, MOVE, credit spreads
Risk Appetite: High yield spreads, equity flows

Regime Persistence:

Regimes typically last 3-18 months. Short regimes (<1 month) are often false signals.


Edge: Most traders react to regime changes after they're obvious. The GIL framework detects transitions early through leading indicators, allowing positioning before the crowd.

Breakeven Inflation

/macro → Inflation tab

The difference between nominal Treasury yields and TIPS yields. This spread represents the market's expectation for average inflation over the bond's life. When breakevens rise, the market is pricing in higher inflation; when they fall, deflation risk is increasing.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
< 1.5%deflation riskLong TIPS, risk-off positioning
1.5% - 2.0%low inflationNeutral, watch for Fed easing
2.0% - 2.5%on targetNormal operations
2.5% - 3.0%elevatedInflation hedges, short duration

Key Thresholds

  • 5Y-10Y spread inverted: Near-term > long-term inflation (transitory belief)
  • 10Y breakeven > 3%: Fed likely to remain hawkish
  • Forward 5Y5Y > 2.5%: Long-term inflation expectations unanchored
Theory & Details
Data: breakeven_inflation table
API: /api/yields/breakeven
Calculation:

Breakeven = Nominal Treasury Yield − TIPS Yield


Example:

10Y Treasury = 4.50%

10Y TIPS = 2.00%

10Y Breakeven = 2.50% (market expects 2.5% avg inflation)


Forward 5Y5Y:

Expected 5-year inflation rate starting 5 years from now. This is what the Fed monitors for long-term inflation anchoring. Target: 2.0-2.5%.


Edge: Breakevens lead CPI prints by 2-3 months. Position before realized inflation confirms market expectations.

Yield Curve Analysis

/macro → Yield Curve tab

The yield curve shape (normal, inverted, flat) signals economic expectations. Inversions (short rates > long rates) have preceded every recession since 1970. The 2Y-10Y spread is the most watched indicator.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
2s10s > +100bpsteepRisk-on, banks outperform
2s10s +25 to +100bpnormalStandard positioning
2s10s 0 to +25bpflatDefensive tilt, reduce duration
2s10s < 0bpinvertedDe-risk, long bonds, short cyclicals

Key Thresholds

  • Inversion depth > -50bp: Severe recession signal
  • Un-inversion after inversion: Recession imminent (0-6 months)
  • 3M-10Y inverted: Fed's preferred recession indicator
Theory & Details
Data: treasury_yields table
API: /api/yields/curve, /api/yields/analysis
Key Spreads:
2Y-10Y: Most popular, equity market focus
3M-10Y: Fed's preferred indicator
2Y-5Y: Near-term policy expectations

Inversion Timing:
Inversion occurs 12-18 months before recession
Curve un-inverts 0-6 months before recession starts
The un-inversion is often more actionable than the inversion

Edge: Most traders only watch the inversion. The un-inversion (curve steepening after inversion) is the actual "sell everything" signal.

IV/RV Spread

/options page

Compares implied volatility (what options market expects) to realized volatility (what actually happened). When IV >> RV, options are expensive (sell premium). When IV << RV, options are cheap (buy protection). This spread is the fundamental edge in volatility trading.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
Z > +2.0extreme richStrong sell vol (strangles, condors)
Z +1.0 to +2.0richSell vol with caution
Z -1.0 to +1.0fairNo vol edge, trade direction
Z -2.0 to -1.0cheapBuy vol, own protection

Key Thresholds

  • Z-Score > 2 + VIX > 30: Fear spike, sell premium into panic
  • Z-Score < -1.5 + VIX < 15: Complacency, buy cheap protection
  • Spread widening rapidly: Event risk being priced in
Theory & Details
Data: iv_rv_spreads table
API: /api/options/iv-rv
Calculation:

Spread = IV(30d ATM) − RV(20d)

Z-Score = (Spread − Mean) / StdDev [252-day lookback]


RV Calculation:

Realized Vol = sqrt(252) × StdDev(daily returns, 20d)


When to Sell Vol:
Z > +1.5 and VIX term structure in contango
No major events in next 2 weeks
Delta-neutral structures (strangles, iron condors)

When to Buy Vol:
Z < -1.0 and VIX term structure flat/backwardated
Major event approaching (earnings, FOMC)
Cheap OTM puts for tail protection

Edge: Retail traders are always net sellers of vol (income generation). Institutions are buyers at extremes. Fade retail when Z-score is extreme.

Gamma Squeeze Detector

/options page

Detects gamma squeeze conditions where dealer hedging creates a feedback loop: rising prices → dealers buy stock to hedge short calls → more buying → prices rise further. The 4-factor composite (0-100) quantifies squeeze intensity for SPY, QQQ, IWM.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
0-30no squeezeStandard trading
30-50watchMonitor for development
50-70buildingConsider long gamma, ride momentum
70-85activeTrail stops tightly, expect acceleration

Key Thresholds

  • Factor 4 = 90 (IV rising with price): Classic squeeze signature
  • Score > 85 for 2+ days: Exhaustion imminent
  • Score drops 30+ points: Squeeze unwinding, reversal likely
Theory & Details
Data: gamma_squeeze_signals table
API: /api/options/gamma
4-Factor Composite (25% each):

1. Price Momentum: 5-day return percentile vs 60-day lookback

2. Call OI Spike: Near-term call OI vs 20-day average

3. Call Volume Surge: Total call volume vs 20-day average

4. IV Rising With Price: Both IV and price rising (classic signature)


Dealer Mechanics:

Market makers are structurally short gamma (they sell options to retail).

When price rises toward heavily-owned call strikes:

Dealers must buy shares to stay delta-neutral
Their buying pushes price higher
This increases delta exposure, requiring more buying
Feedback loop until gamma exposure exhausted

Edge: Retail sees momentum. This signal shows you the OPTIONS-DRIVEN mechanics behind the momentum, letting you anticipate exhaustion.

Volume/OI Wave Signal

/options page

Measures the ratio of daily options volume to open interest — a "WAVE" signal. When volume significantly exceeds OI, it signals new positions being opened (directional conviction). High wave readings with directional bias indicate institutional positioning.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
0-25quietWait for signal
25-50normalNo edge from flow
50-70activeNote directional bias
70-85surgeFollow institutional flow

Key Thresholds

  • Surge + bullish bias: Institutions buying calls aggressively
  • Surge + bearish bias: Protective put buying or bearish bets
  • Extreme + neutral bias: Straddle positioning, expecting vol expansion
Theory & Details
Data: volume_oi_wave table
API: /api/options/wave
4-Factor Composite (25% each):

1. Call Wave: Call vol/OI vs 20-day avg ratio

2. Put Wave: Put vol/OI vs 20-day avg ratio

3. Directional Bias: Call vs put wave skew (-1 to +1)

4. Concentration: Near-term + ATM share of total volume


Directional Bias Labels:
Bullish: Call wave significantly > put wave
Bearish: Put wave significantly > call wave
Neutral: Balanced or straddle-like activity

Edge: Volume alone doesn't tell you if positions are opening or closing. Volume/OI ratio distinguishes new conviction (high) from position management (low).

VIX Term Structure

/options page

The VIX/VIX1D ratio (or VIX term structure) reveals market fear dynamics. Contango (VIX > VIX1D) is normal. Backwardation (VIX < VIX1D) signals acute fear where near-term vol exceeds longer-term — a buy signal after panic.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
Ratio > 1.05steep contangoBuy protection, contrarian caution
Ratio 1.00-1.05contangoSell vol strategies work
Ratio 0.95-1.00flatReduce vol selling
Ratio < 0.95backwardationBuy equities, sell vol after spike

Key Thresholds

  • Backwardation + VIX > 30: Peak fear, fade the panic
  • Contango + VIX < 12: Extreme complacency, buy protection
  • Term structure flattening: Regime change brewing
Theory & Details
Data: index_prices table
API: /api/options/vix-ratio
Calculation:

VIX Ratio = VIX / VIX1D (or front-month / second-month VIX futures)


Why It Matters:
Contango is the "normal" state — future vol priced higher than spot
Backwardation means traders pay MORE for immediate protection
This only happens in genuine panic

Historical Context:
Backwardation events: COVID crash, Aug 2015, Feb 2018, Dec 2018
Every backwardation > 5% has been a buying opportunity in hindsight

Edge: VIX level tells you fear exists. Term structure tells you if it's the RIGHT kind of fear to fade.

Cascade Risk Score

/positioning page

The Cascade Risk Score (0-100) quantifies the probability of forced liquidation cascades across systematic strategies. High scores indicate crowded positioning where CTA trend-followers, vol-target funds, and risk-parity strategies are all positioned in the same direction.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
0-25low riskNormal operations
25-50moderate riskMonitor closely
50-70elevated riskReduce risk, tighten stops
70-85high riskDefensive positioning

Key Thresholds

  • Score > 70 + VIX > 25: High cascade probability within 5 sessions
  • Score > 50 + SPY-TLT corr > 0.3: Risk-parity unwind in progress
  • Score drops 20+ pts in one day: Cascade already occurring
Theory & Details
Data: cascade_risk_scores table
API: /api/cascade/risk
5-Pillar Composite:

1. CTA Alignment (25%): % of assets with aligned trend signals

2. Vol-Target Regime (20%): VIX level vs target volatility

3. Risk-Parity Stress (20%): SPY-TLT correlation (>0 = stress)

4. Options Skew (15%): Put/call OI ratio

5. COT Crowding (20%): Speculator positioning extremes


Cascade Mechanics:

When multiple systematic strategies become aligned:

They all receive the same exit signals simultaneously
Forced selling creates feedback loop
Volatility spikes → vol-target reduces → more selling
Correlations spike → risk-parity reduces → more selling
Trend breaks → CTA exits → more selling

Edge: By the time the cascade starts, it's too late. This signal warns you BEFORE the forced selling begins.

CTA Alignment Score

/positioning page

Tracks what percentage of major asset classes have aligned trend signals across the moving averages that CTA (Commodity Trading Advisor) funds typically use. High alignment = crowded positioning = cascade risk.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
0-25%divergentLow cascade risk
25-50%partialNormal conditions
50-75%alignedElevated cascade risk
75-90%highly alignedHigh cascade risk

Key Thresholds

  • Alignment > 75% + all 3 MAs aligned: CTA fully loaded
  • Alignment drops 25%+ in one week: Trend break, cascade starting
  • Cascade flag = true: 5+ ETFs lost alignment simultaneously
Theory & Details
Data: cta_alignment_summary table
API: /api/positioning/cta
8 ETFs Tracked:

SPY, QQQ, IWM, TLT, GLD, USO, UUP, EFA


Moving Averages:

20-day, 60-day, 120-day (short, medium, long-term trends)


CTA Industry Context:

CTA funds manage ~$400B using systematic trend-following:

Go long when price > MA
Go short when price < MA
Use similar lookback periods across the industry

Edge: When alignment is extreme, you know the NEXT move will be the trend break. Position for reversal or at minimum, reduce exposure.

COT Positioning

/positioning page

CFTC Commitment of Traders data shows how commercial hedgers, large speculators, and small traders are positioned in futures markets. Extreme speculator positioning is a contrarian indicator — when everyone is long, who's left to buy?

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
> 90th %ileextreme longContrarian short bias
70-90th %ilecrowded longReduce long exposure
30-70th %ileneutralNo positioning edge
10-30th %ilecrowded shortReduce short exposure

Key Thresholds

  • Net spec position > 90th %ile: Historically marks tops
  • Net spec position < 10th %ile: Historically marks bottoms
  • Commercial hedgers at opposite extreme: Strongest signal
Theory & Details
Data: cot_positioning table
API: /api/cot/latest, /api/cot/extremes
Report Types:
Disaggregated: Commodities (GC, CL, ZC, etc.)
Traders in Financial Futures: Financials (ES, NQ, ZN, VX)

Key Categories:
Commercial: Actual hedgers (producers/consumers) — smart money
Non-Commercial: Large speculators (hedge funds) — trend followers
Non-Reportable: Small traders — usually wrong at extremes

Historical Hit Rate:

Extreme readings (>90th or <10th %ile) + price divergence = 70%+ win rate on 4-week time horizon.


Edge: COT data is free and updated weekly. Most retail traders ignore it. Institutions use it as a key input for contrarian timing.

Correlation Breakdown Detector

/intermarket page

Rolling correlations between asset classes reveal the market's internal structure. When historically correlated assets diverge (correlation breakdown), it signals a regime change and creates mean-reversion opportunities.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
Z < -2.0breakdownFade the deviator
Z -2.0 to -1.0weakeningMonitor for breakdown
Z -1.0 to +1.0normalNo edge
Z > +1.0spikingRisk-off, correlations go to 1 in crisis

Key Thresholds

  • SPY-TLT correlation > +0.5: Risk-parity stress (both selling)
  • GLD-DX correlation flip: Safe haven flows changing
  • Intra-sector correlation collapse: Stock-picker market
Theory & Details
Data: intermarket_correlations table
API: /api/intermarket/correlations
Key Pairs Monitored:
SPY/TLT: Stock-bond (normally negative)
GLD/DX: Gold-dollar (normally negative)
VIX/SPY: Vol-equity (normally negative)
ES/NQ: Large cap leadership

Normal States:
| Pair | Normal Correlation ||------|-------------------|| SPY/TLT | -0.3 || GLD/DX | -0.4 || VIX/SPY | -0.8 |
Trading the Breakdown:

1. Detect: Z-score < -2 (correlation below normal)

2. Identify: Which asset deviated from relationship

3. Fade: The deviator will likely revert

4. Stop: If correlation continues breaking down


Edge: Correlation regimes are more stable than price regimes. When they break, the market hasn't fully priced it in yet.

Carry Trade Differentials

/macro → Carry Trade tab

Capital flows to currencies with higher interest rates. The US-Foreign rate differential drives FX movements. Widening US rate differential = USD strength. Narrowing = USD weakness. Divergences between rates and FX create trading opportunities.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
Diff > +2%strong usd carryLong USD pairs
Diff +1% to +2%moderate usdMild USD bias
Diff -1% to +1%neutralNo carry edge
Diff < -1%foreign carryShort USD pairs

Key Thresholds

  • Rate differential widening + FX not moving: USD undervalued
  • Rate differential narrowing + FX not moving: USD overvalued
  • Japan differential > 4%: Yen carry trade extended
Theory & Details
Data: treasury_yields, international_yields tables
API: /api/carry-trade/current
Calculation:

Rate Differential = US 10Y Yield − Foreign 10Y Yield


Countries Tracked:

Japan, Germany, UK, Australia, Canada, Switzerland


Divergence Signals:
Differential widens but USD doesn't rally → USD will catch up
Differential narrows but USD doesn't fall → USD will catch down
FX moves opposite to differential → unsustainable, fade it

Carry Trade Risk:

High-yield currencies (AUD, NZD, MXN) attract capital in risk-on environments but crash in risk-off. The "carry trade unwind" happens suddenly.


Edge: Most FX traders watch price. Rate differentials CAUSE price moves. Trade the cause, not the effect.

VIX-MOVE Correlation

/intermarket page

VIX measures equity volatility. MOVE measures bond volatility. When both spike together (high correlation), it signals systemic stress affecting all markets. Divergence between them reveals whether stress is equity-specific or rates-specific.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
Both elevated + correlatedsystemic stressMaximum defense, cash
VIX high, MOVE normalequity specificBonds may hedge
MOVE high, VIX normalrates specificEquities may be safe
Both lowcalmRisk-on, sell vol

Key Thresholds

  • VIX > 30 + MOVE > 120: Systemic event
  • VIX-MOVE correlation > 0.7 (20d): Cross-asset contagion
  • Divergence (one high, one low): Sector-specific, not systemic
Theory & Details
Data: intermarket_correlations table
API: /api/intermarket/correlations
VIX:
Measures 30-day implied vol of S&P 500 options
"Fear gauge" for equities
Normal: 12-20, Elevated: 20-30, Panic: >30

MOVE:
Measures implied vol of Treasury options
"Fear gauge" for bonds
Normal: 80-100, Elevated: 100-130, Panic: >130

2022 Example:

Both VIX and MOVE elevated throughout the year — Fed hiking cycle created stress across ALL assets. Traditional stock-bond diversification failed.


Edge: Most traders only watch VIX. MOVE tells you if bonds will save you or not.

Put/Call Skew

/options page

The implied volatility difference between OTM puts and OTM calls at the same delta. A steep skew (puts more expensive than calls) indicates fear of downside. A flat or inverted skew indicates complacency or bullish speculation.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
25Δ Skew > 10%extreme fearSell put spreads, fade panic
25Δ Skew 5-10%elevated fearCautious, expect volatility
25Δ Skew 2-5%normalNo edge from skew
25Δ Skew < 2%complacentBuy put protection cheap

Key Thresholds

  • Skew > 90th percentile (1Y): Extreme fear, sell put premium
  • Skew < 10th percentile: Complacent, buy cheap protection
  • Skew expanding rapidly: Event risk being priced in
Theory & Details
Data: iv_surface, options_chain tables
API: /api/options/surface/{symbol}
Calculation:

25Δ Skew = IV(25Δ Put) − IV(25Δ Call)


Why Skew Exists:
Institutional demand for downside protection (puts)
Less demand for upside speculation (calls)
Creates a structural "volatility smile" or "smirk"

Skew Term Structure:
Near-term skew: Event-driven fear (earnings, FOMC)
Long-term skew: Structural hedging demand
Term structure inversion: Near-term fear exceeds long-term

Trading the Skew:
High skew + low VIX: Sell put spreads (cheap calls to finance)
Low skew + high VIX: Buy puts outright (skew has room to expand)
Skew collapsing: Fear subsiding, market stabilizing

Edge: Most traders watch VIX. Skew tells you WHERE the fear is concentrated — it's more actionable for options positioning.

Sector Rotation & Performance

/structure page

Tracks relative performance and momentum across sectors and asset classes to identify rotation trends. Sector leadership rotates through the business cycle — early cycle favors cyclicals, late cycle favors defensives.

Interpretation

RangeSignalAction
XLF/XLU > 1.1risk on rotationCyclical positioning
XLK/XLE > 1.2growth over valueGrowth tilt
XLP/XLY > 1.0defensive rotationRisk-off positioning
XLU outperforminglate cycleDefensive, reduce beta

Key Thresholds

  • Sector momentum Z > 2: Strong trend, ride momentum
  • Leadership change (3+ sectors flip): Regime transition
  • Dispersion < 10th percentile: Low opportunity, correlation high
Theory & Details
Data: asset_performance, sector_rotation tables
API: /api/performance/assets, /api/performance/sectors
Business Cycle Rotation:
| Cycle Phase | Leading Sectors | Lagging Sectors ||-------------|-----------------|-----------------|| Early | Financials, Industrials, Discretionary | Utilities, Staples || Mid | Technology, Materials, Energy | Healthcare || Late | Healthcare, Utilities, Staples | Tech, Financials || Recession | Utilities, Staples, Healthcare | All cyclicals |
Key Ratios:
XLF/XLU: Risk appetite (financial vs defensive)
XLK/XLE: Growth vs value
XLY/XLP: Consumer risk appetite
IWM/SPY: Small cap vs large cap

Momentum Signals:
20-day: Short-term momentum (tactical)
60-day: Medium-term trend (swing)
120-day: Long-term leadership (strategic)

Dispersion:
High dispersion = stock picker's market
Low dispersion = macro/beta dominates

Edge: Sector rotation signals lead index moves by 2-4 weeks. Rotate INTO strength early, rotate OUT before the crowd.

15 signals across 5 categories